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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kita
panjatkan kehadiaran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena berkat dan limpahan rahmat dan
hidayah-nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan tepat waktu.
Dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, ini disebabkan
karena keterbatasan kami sebagai manusia biasa yang mungkin luput dari
kesalahan. Makalah ini kami susun guna untuk mempermudah mahasiswa mempelajari
mengenai “ PERSEPSI TENTANG SEHAT SAKIT DAN PERILAKU SAKIT ’’.
Kami berharap agar makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kita
semua, oleh karena itu, demi upaya peningkatan kualitas makalah ini, kami
senantiasa mengharapkan konstribusi pemikiran anda, baik berupa kritik maupun
saran yang bersifat membangun
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A.LATAR BELAKANG
Persepsi masyarakat tentang
kriteria tubuh sehat atau sakit, sifatnya tidaklah selalu obyektif. Bahkan
lebih banyak unsur subjektif dalam menentukan kondisi tubuh seseorang. Persepsi
masyarakat tentang sehat/sakit ini sangatlah di pengaruhi oleh unsur pengalaman
masa lalu, disamping unsure sosial budaya.
Secara
ilmiah penyakit di artikan sebagai gangguan fungsi fisiologis dari suatu
organisme sebagai akibat dari infeksi atau tekanan dari lingkungan. Jadi
penyakit itu bersifat objektif. Sebaliknya sakit adalah penilaian individu
terhadap pengalaman menderita suatu penyakit fenomena subjektif ini di tandai
dengan perasaan tidak enak. Selama sesorang masih mampu melaksanakan fungsinya
seperti biasa maka orang itu masih di katakan sehat. Batasan ‘sehat’ yang di
berikan oleh organisasi kesehatan se-dunia “(WHO)” adalah “ a state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing ” ( WHO, 1981:38 ). Dari batasan ini
jelas terlihat bahwa sehat itu tidak hanya menyangkut kondisi fisik, melainkan
juga kondisi mental dan social seseorang.
Dinegara-negara seperti Indonesia
masih ada satu tahap lagi yang di lewati banyak penderita sebelum mereka datang
ke petugas kesehatan, yaitu pergi berobat ke dukun atau ahli-ahli pengobatan
tradisional lainnya ( Jordaan.1985 ; Sarwono.1992 ; Slamet-Velsink.1992 ).
Dengan demikian makin parahlah keadaan penderita jika akhirnya meminta
pertolongan seorang dokter, oleh sebab itu petugas kesehatan perlu menyelidiki
persepsi tersebut sampai berkembang sedemikian rupa dan setelah itu mengusahakan
mengubah persepsi tersebut agar mendekati konsep yang lebih objektif. Dengan
cara ini maka penggunaan sarana kesehatan diharapkan dapat lebih di tingkatkan.
B.RUMUSAN MASALAH
1.
Menyebutkan pengertian perilaku Sakit !
2.
Apakah factor yang menyebabkan orang bereaksi terhadap penyakit ?
3.
Sebutkan tahap-tahap individu berproses !
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN
A.PENGERTIAN PERILAKU SAKIT
Perilaku sakit diartikan sebagai segala bentuk tindakan yang dilakukan oleh
individu yang sedang sakit agar memperoleh kesembuhan, sedangkan perilaku sehat
adalah tindakan yang dilakukan individu untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan
kesehatannya, termasuk pencegahan penyakit, perawatan kebersihan diri (personal
hygiene), penjagaan kebugaran melalui olahraga dan makanan bergizi.
Perilaku sehat ini di perlihatkan oleh individu-individu yang merasa dirinya
sehat meskipun secara medis belum tentu mereka betul-betul sehat. Penilaian
medis bukanlah merupakan satu-satunya kriteria yang menentukan tingkat
kesehatan sesorang. Banyak keadaan di mana individu dapat melakukan fungsi
sosialnya secara normal padahal secara medis menderita penyakit. Sebaliknya, tidak
jarang pula individu merasa terganggu secara sosial psikologis padahal sacara
medis mereka tergolong sehat. Penilaian individu terhadap status kesehatannya
ini merupakan salah satu faktor yang menentukan perilakunya, yaitu perilaku
sehat jika dia merasa dirinya sakit. Orang yang berpenyakit, belum tentu
mengakibatkan perubahan perannya dalam masyarakat, sedangkan orang sakit
biasanya akan menyebabkan perubahan perannya dalam lingkungan keluarga
atau masyarakatnya. Orang yang sakit tidak dapat menjalankan tugas-tugasnya
dilingkungam kerja dan keluarganya sehingga fungsinya itu harus di gantikan
oleh orang lain. Kadang-kadang peranan orang yang sakit itu sedemikian luasnya
sehingga peran yang di tinggalkannya itu tidak cukup di gantikan oleh satu
orang saja melainkan harus digantikan oleh beberapa orang. Hal ini tentu saja
akan mengakibatkan perubahan dalam system social/lingkungan yang langsung
berhubungan dengan si sakit. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orang-orang yang tergolong
“medically iII” dan “martyr” dapat lebih mudah di terima oleh anggota
masyarakat sebab penyakit mereka tidak mengganggu interaksi social mereka.
Sebaliknya, orang akan merasa terganggu bila berhubungan dengan
“hypochondriacal” atau “socially iII”.
B. FAKTOR YANG MENYEBABKAN ORANG
BEREAKSI
Faktor yang menyebabkan orang
bereaksi terhadap penyakit, antara lain :
·
Dikenakannya atau dirasakannya gejala-gejala/tanda-tanda yang menyimpang dari
keadaan biasa.
·
Banyaknya gejala yang dianggap serius dan diperkirakan menimbulkan bahaya.
·
Dampak gejala itu terhadap hubungan dengan keluarga, hubungan kerja dan dalam
kegiatan sosial lainnya.
·
Frekuensi dari gejala dan tanda-tanda yang tampak dan persistensinya.
·
Nilai ambang dari mereka yang terkena gejala itu (susceptibility atau
kemungkinan individu untuk diserang penyakit itu)
B. FAKTOR YANG
MENYEBABKAN ORANG BEREAKSI
Faktor yang
menyebabkan orang bereaksi terhadap penyakit, antara lain :
·
Dikenakannya atau dirasakannya gejala-gejala/tanda-tanda yang menyimpang dari
keadaan biasa.
·
Banyaknya gejala yang dianggap serius dan diperkirakan menimbulkan bahaya.
·
Dampak gejala itu terhadap hubungan dengan keluarga, hubungan kerja dan dalam
kegiatan sosial lainnya.
·
Frekuensi dari gejala dan tanda-tanda yang tampak dan persistensinya.
·
Nilai ambang dari mereka yang terkena gejala itu (susceptibility atau
kemungkinan individu untuk diserang penyakit itu)
·
Informasi, pengetahuan dan asumsi budaya tentang penyakit itu.
·
Perbedaan interprestasi terhadap gejala yang dikenalnya
·
Adanya kebutuhan untuk bertindak/berperilaku mengatasi gejala sakit itu.
·
Tersedianya sarana kesehatan, kemudahan mencapai sarana tersebut, tersedianya
biaya dan kemampuan untuk mengatasi stigma dan jarak sosial (rasa malu, takut,
dsb).
Dari faktor-faktor di atas dapat dibuat kategorisasi faktor pencetus perilaku
sakit, yaitu faktor persepsi yang dipengaruhi oleh orientasi medis dan
sosial-budaya; faktor intensitas gejala (menghilang atau terus menetap); faktor
motivasi individu untuk mengatasi gejala yang ada; serta faktor sosial
psikologis yang mempengaruhi respon sakit.
C.TAHAP-TAHAP
INDIVIDU BERPROSES.
Dalam
menentukan reaksi/tindakannya sehubungan dengan gejala penyakit yang
dirasakannya, menurut Suchman individu berproses melalui tahap-tahap berikut
ini :
a) Tahap pengenalan gejala.
Pada tahap ini individu memutuskan bahwa dirinya dalam keadaan sakit yang
ditandai dengan rasa tidak enak dan keadaan itu dianggapnya dapat membahayakan
dirinya.
b) Tahap asumsi peranan
sakit. Karena merasa sakit dan memerlukan pengobatan, individu mulai
mencari pengakuan dari kelompok acuannya (keluarga, tetangga, teman
sekerja)tentang sakitnya itu dan kalau perlu meminta pembebasan dari pemenuhan
tugas sehari-harinya.
c) Tahap kpntak dengan
pelayanan kesehatan. Disini individu mulai menghubungi sarana kesehatan
sesuai dengan pengalamannya atau dari informasi yang diperoleh dari orang lain
tentang tersedianya jenis-jenis pelayanan kesehatan. Pilihan terhadap sarana
pelayanan kesehatan itu dengan sendirinya didasari atas kepercayaan atau
keyakinan akan kemanjuran sarana tersebut. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa
kecenderungan menggunakan perawatan tradisional tidak hanya terdapat di
Negara-negara berkembang. Masyarakat Negara majupun mengenal system kesehatan
alternatif (alternative medicine) yang banyak menggunakan ramuan
tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai bahan obat dan menggunakan teknik pengobatan yang
berbeda, seperti melalui meditasi, akupunktur, home opathi serta pencapaian
keseimbangan fisik dan psikis (Patel,1978)
d) Tahap ketergantungan si
sakit. Individu memutuskan bahwa dirinya, sebagai orang yang sakit dan
ingin disembuhkan, harus menggantungkan diri dan pasrah kepada prosedur
pengobatan. Dia harus mematuhi perintah orang yang akan menyembuhkannya agar
kesembuhan itu cepat terca-pai.
e) Tahap penyembuhan atau
rahabilitasi. Pada tahap ini si sakit memutuskan untuk melepaskan diri dari
peranan sebagai orang sakit. Hal ini terjadi karena dia sudah sehat kembali dan
dapat berfungsi seperti sediakala. Kadang-kadang terjadi bahwa sebagai
akibat dari penyakitnya itu individu menjadi cacat. Dalam hal ini dia
tetap melepaskan diri dari perannya sebagai orang sakit dan berusaha memulihkan
fungsi sosialnya meskipun tidak optimal. Peran sakit seorang individu memiliki
dampak timbal balik dengan lingkungannya dan seperti disebutkan pada awal bab
ini, komunitas yang sistem sosialnya memberikan dukungan terhadap orang sakit
akan mendorong anggota masyarakat untuk lebih cepat mengeluh sakit dan
memenfaatkan dukungan sosial ini bagi kepentingan sendiri.
BAB III
PENUTUP
A.KESIMPULAN
Sehat itu tidak hanya menyangkut
kondisi fisik, melainkan juga kondisi mental dan sosial seseorang.
B.SARAN
Kita sebagai anggota masyarakat
harus mengubah persepsi kita tentang sehat dan sakit agar mendekati konsep yang
lebih objektif dan menggunakan sarana kesehatan sesuai yang diharapkan.
B.DAFTAR PUSTAKA
www.pustakasekolah.com/contoh-makalah-kesehatan-lingkungan.html
* PAPER HEALTH
*
INTRODUCTION
Praise kehadiaran we pray Almighty God, for blessing and abundance of his mercy and guidance so that we can complete this paper on time.
In the preparation of this paper is far from perfect, it is because of our limitations as human beings that may escape from the error. This paper is structured in order to facilitate students to learn about the "PERCEPTION OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS BEHAVIOR DYING ''.
We hope that this paper can provide a benefit to us all, therefore, for the sake of improving the quality of this paper, we always expect the contribution your thoughts, either in the form of criticism and constructive suggestions
INTRODUCTION
Praise kehadiaran we pray Almighty God, for blessing and abundance of his mercy and guidance so that we can complete this paper on time.
In the preparation of this paper is far from perfect, it is because of our limitations as human beings that may escape from the error. This paper is structured in order to facilitate students to learn about the "PERCEPTION OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS BEHAVIOR DYING ''.
We hope that this paper can provide a benefit to us all, therefore, for the sake of improving the quality of this paper, we always expect the contribution your thoughts, either in the form of criticism and constructive suggestions
PART I
INTRODUCTION
A.LATAR REAR
Public perception of the criteria for a healthy body or sick, nature is not always objective. Even more subjective element in determining the condition of a person's body. Public perception of the health / illness is very influenced by elements of past experience, in addition to socio-cultural elements.
Scientifically disease interpreted as a disruption of physiological functions of an organism as a result of infection or pressure from the environment. So the disease is objective. Instead pain is an individual assessment of the experience of suffering from a disease subjective phenomenon is marked with an uneasy feeling. As long as someone is still able to perform its function as normal then people say it is still healthy. Definition of 'healthy' that is given by se-world health organization "(WHO)" is "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing" (WHO, 1981: 38). From this definition it is clear that health is not just about the physical, but also mental and social condition of a person.
In countries like Indonesia there is still one more stage in many patients passed before they come to the health workers, the go go to traditional healers or traditional medicine experts other (Jordaan.1985; Sarwono.1992; Slamet-Velsink.1992). Thus the state of the patient if more parahlah finally ask aid of a doctor, and therefore health workers need to investigate the perception of growing up in such a way and after that seek to change the perception that the concept of a more objective approach. In this way, the use of health facilities is expected to be on the increase.
B.RUMUSAN PROBLEM
1 Mention understanding the behavior of Pain!
2 What factors cause people to react to the disease?
3 Specify the individual stages of the proceeds!
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.PENGERTIAN ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR
Pain behavior is defined as any act committed by individuals who are sick to obtain healing, whereas healthy behaviors are actions by individuals to maintain and improve their health, including disease prevention, personal hygiene care (personal hygiene), maintenance of fitness through exercise and food nutritious. This healthy behaviors in the show by individuals who feel they are healthy even though they are not necessarily medically truly healthy. Medical assessment is not the only criterion that determines a person's level of health. Many circumstances in which an individual can perform their social function normally when medical illness. Conversely, not infrequently, individuals feel socially psychologically disturbed when they run private medical relatively healthy. Individual assessment of their health status is one of the factors that determine behavior, behavior that is healthy if he felt himself ill. People who are ill, do not necessarily lead to changes in its role in society, while the pain will usually lead to changes in its role within the family or community. People who are sick can not assume his duties dilingkungam work and family so that its function was to be replaced by others. Sometimes the role of the sick person was so extensive that leave her role in it is not enough replaced by one person alone but must be replaced by some people. This of course will result in a change in the social system / environment is directly related to the illness. In social life, people who are "medically III" and "martyr" can be more easily accepted by members of society because they do not interfere with the disease of their social interactions. Instead, people will get annoyed when dealing with the "hypochondriacal" or "socially III".
B. FACTORS THAT CAUSE PEOPLE REACT
Factors that cause people to react to disease, among others:
• He put or felt the symptoms / signs that deviate from the normal state.
• The number of symptoms that are considered serious and is estimated to cause harm.
• The impact of the symptoms on relationships with family, employment, and other social activities.
• Frequency of symptoms and signs that appear and persistence.
• The thresholds of those affected by the symptoms (or the possibility of individual susceptibility to the disease attacked)
B. FACTORS THAT CAUSE PEOPLE REACT
Factors that cause people to react to disease, among others:
• He put or felt the symptoms / signs that deviate from the normal state.
• The number of symptoms that are considered serious and is estimated to cause harm.
• The impact of the symptoms on relationships with family, employment, and other social activities.
• Frequency of symptoms and signs that appear and persistence.
• The thresholds of those affected by the symptoms (or the possibility of individual susceptibility to the disease attacked)
• Information, knowledge and cultural assumptions about the disease.
• Differences in interpretation of the familiar symptoms
• There is a need to act / behave cope with the symptoms of the illness.
• The availability of health facilities, ease of reaching these facilities, the availability of cost and the ability to overcome the stigma and social distance (shame, fear, etc.).
Of the above factors can be categorized ill behavior precipitating factors, ie factors that are influenced by perceptions of medical orientation and socio-cultural; symptom intensity factor (disappear or continue to settle); individual motivation factor to overcome the existing symptoms; social and psychological factors that affect pain response.
C.TAHAP-PHASE INDIVIDUAL proceed.
In determining reactions / actions with respect to symptoms felt, according to Suchman individual proceeds through the following stages:
a) Stage introduction of symptoms. At this stage the individual decides that he is in a state of illness characterized by malaise and circumstances it deems could harm him.
b) Stage assuming the role of pain. Feeling sick and need treatment, individuals began to seek recognition from the reference group (family, neighbors, co-workers) about the illness and if necessary ask for the release of the fulfillment of daily tasks.
c) Stage kpntak with health services. Here individuals began contacting health facilities in accordance with his experience or from information obtained from other people about the availability of the types of health services. The choice of the health care facilities based on the self-confidence or belief in the efficacy of these facilities. It should be noted that the tendency to use traditional treatments are not only found in developing countries. State Society majupun recognize alternative health systems (alternative medicine) who are using herbs as medicine and the use of different treatment techniques, such as through meditation, acupuncture, home opathi and achievement of physical and psychological balance (Patel, 1978)
d) Phase dependence of the patient. Individual decides that he, as a sick person and want to be cured, must depend and surrender to the treatment procedure. He must obey the commands that will heal quickly so that the healing Terca-pie.
e) stage of healing or rehabilitation. At this stage of the patient decided to break away from the role of a sick person. This happens because he's healthy again and able to function as normal. It sometimes happens that as a result of the disease individuals become disabled. In this case he was still break away from his role as the sick and trying to recover its social function although not optimal. The role of pain an individual has a reciprocal effect with the environment and as mentioned earlier in this chapter, the community social system provide support to the sick would encourage members of the public to complain sooner memenfaatkan pain and social support for its own sake.
INTRODUCTION
A.LATAR REAR
Public perception of the criteria for a healthy body or sick, nature is not always objective. Even more subjective element in determining the condition of a person's body. Public perception of the health / illness is very influenced by elements of past experience, in addition to socio-cultural elements.
Scientifically disease interpreted as a disruption of physiological functions of an organism as a result of infection or pressure from the environment. So the disease is objective. Instead pain is an individual assessment of the experience of suffering from a disease subjective phenomenon is marked with an uneasy feeling. As long as someone is still able to perform its function as normal then people say it is still healthy. Definition of 'healthy' that is given by se-world health organization "(WHO)" is "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing" (WHO, 1981: 38). From this definition it is clear that health is not just about the physical, but also mental and social condition of a person.
In countries like Indonesia there is still one more stage in many patients passed before they come to the health workers, the go go to traditional healers or traditional medicine experts other (Jordaan.1985; Sarwono.1992; Slamet-Velsink.1992). Thus the state of the patient if more parahlah finally ask aid of a doctor, and therefore health workers need to investigate the perception of growing up in such a way and after that seek to change the perception that the concept of a more objective approach. In this way, the use of health facilities is expected to be on the increase.
B.RUMUSAN PROBLEM
1 Mention understanding the behavior of Pain!
2 What factors cause people to react to the disease?
3 Specify the individual stages of the proceeds!
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.PENGERTIAN ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR
Pain behavior is defined as any act committed by individuals who are sick to obtain healing, whereas healthy behaviors are actions by individuals to maintain and improve their health, including disease prevention, personal hygiene care (personal hygiene), maintenance of fitness through exercise and food nutritious. This healthy behaviors in the show by individuals who feel they are healthy even though they are not necessarily medically truly healthy. Medical assessment is not the only criterion that determines a person's level of health. Many circumstances in which an individual can perform their social function normally when medical illness. Conversely, not infrequently, individuals feel socially psychologically disturbed when they run private medical relatively healthy. Individual assessment of their health status is one of the factors that determine behavior, behavior that is healthy if he felt himself ill. People who are ill, do not necessarily lead to changes in its role in society, while the pain will usually lead to changes in its role within the family or community. People who are sick can not assume his duties dilingkungam work and family so that its function was to be replaced by others. Sometimes the role of the sick person was so extensive that leave her role in it is not enough replaced by one person alone but must be replaced by some people. This of course will result in a change in the social system / environment is directly related to the illness. In social life, people who are "medically III" and "martyr" can be more easily accepted by members of society because they do not interfere with the disease of their social interactions. Instead, people will get annoyed when dealing with the "hypochondriacal" or "socially III".
B. FACTORS THAT CAUSE PEOPLE REACT
Factors that cause people to react to disease, among others:
• He put or felt the symptoms / signs that deviate from the normal state.
• The number of symptoms that are considered serious and is estimated to cause harm.
• The impact of the symptoms on relationships with family, employment, and other social activities.
• Frequency of symptoms and signs that appear and persistence.
• The thresholds of those affected by the symptoms (or the possibility of individual susceptibility to the disease attacked)
B. FACTORS THAT CAUSE PEOPLE REACT
Factors that cause people to react to disease, among others:
• He put or felt the symptoms / signs that deviate from the normal state.
• The number of symptoms that are considered serious and is estimated to cause harm.
• The impact of the symptoms on relationships with family, employment, and other social activities.
• Frequency of symptoms and signs that appear and persistence.
• The thresholds of those affected by the symptoms (or the possibility of individual susceptibility to the disease attacked)
• Information, knowledge and cultural assumptions about the disease.
• Differences in interpretation of the familiar symptoms
• There is a need to act / behave cope with the symptoms of the illness.
• The availability of health facilities, ease of reaching these facilities, the availability of cost and the ability to overcome the stigma and social distance (shame, fear, etc.).
Of the above factors can be categorized ill behavior precipitating factors, ie factors that are influenced by perceptions of medical orientation and socio-cultural; symptom intensity factor (disappear or continue to settle); individual motivation factor to overcome the existing symptoms; social and psychological factors that affect pain response.
C.TAHAP-PHASE INDIVIDUAL proceed.
In determining reactions / actions with respect to symptoms felt, according to Suchman individual proceeds through the following stages:
a) Stage introduction of symptoms. At this stage the individual decides that he is in a state of illness characterized by malaise and circumstances it deems could harm him.
b) Stage assuming the role of pain. Feeling sick and need treatment, individuals began to seek recognition from the reference group (family, neighbors, co-workers) about the illness and if necessary ask for the release of the fulfillment of daily tasks.
c) Stage kpntak with health services. Here individuals began contacting health facilities in accordance with his experience or from information obtained from other people about the availability of the types of health services. The choice of the health care facilities based on the self-confidence or belief in the efficacy of these facilities. It should be noted that the tendency to use traditional treatments are not only found in developing countries. State Society majupun recognize alternative health systems (alternative medicine) who are using herbs as medicine and the use of different treatment techniques, such as through meditation, acupuncture, home opathi and achievement of physical and psychological balance (Patel, 1978)
d) Phase dependence of the patient. Individual decides that he, as a sick person and want to be cured, must depend and surrender to the treatment procedure. He must obey the commands that will heal quickly so that the healing Terca-pie.
e) stage of healing or rehabilitation. At this stage of the patient decided to break away from the role of a sick person. This happens because he's healthy again and able to function as normal. It sometimes happens that as a result of the disease individuals become disabled. In this case he was still break away from his role as the sick and trying to recover its social function although not optimal. The role of pain an individual has a reciprocal effect with the environment and as mentioned earlier in this chapter, the community social system provide support to the sick would encourage members of the public to complain sooner memenfaatkan pain and social support for its own sake.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Health is not just about the physical, but also mental and social condition of a person.
B. ADVICE
We as members of the community must change our perception of health and illness in order to approach a more objective concept and use of health facilities as expected.
B. REFERENCES
http://nhevy-arief.blogspot.com/2011/10/contoh-paper-kesehatan.html
www.pustakasekolah.com/contoh-paper-health-lingkungan.html
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Health is not just about the physical, but also mental and social condition of a person.
B. ADVICE
We as members of the community must change our perception of health and illness in order to approach a more objective concept and use of health facilities as expected.
B. REFERENCES
http://nhevy-arief.blogspot.com/2011/10/contoh-paper-kesehatan.html
www.pustakasekolah.com/contoh-paper-health-lingkungan.html
Judul: MAKALAH KESEHATAN
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